Pathogen resistance may be the principal evolutionary advantage provided by the microbiome

Should Clinical Services Provided by Pharmacists be Compensated?

Should Clinical Services Provided by Pharmacists be Compensated?

Evolutionary capacitance may be favored by natural selection.

Evolutionary capacitors phenotypically reveal a stock of cryptic genetic variation in a reversible fashion. The sudden and reversible revelation of a range of variation is fundamentally different from the gradual introduction of variation by mutation. Here I study the invasion dynamics of modifiers of revelation. A modifier with the optimal rate of revelation mopt has a higher probability of in...

Evolutionary dynamics of pathogen resistance and tolerance.

Host organisms can respond to the threat of disease either through resistance defenses (which inhibit or limit infection) or through tolerance strategies (which do not limit infection, but reduce or offset its fitness consequences). Here we show that resistance and tolerance can have fundamentally different evolutionary outcomes, even when they have equivalent short-term benefit for the host. A...

the role of task-based techniques on the acquisition of english language structures by the intermediate efl students

this study examines the effetivenss of task-based activities in helping students learn english language structures for a better communication. initially, a michigan test was administered to the two groups of 52 students majoring in english at the allameh ghotb -e- ravandi university to ensure their homogeneity. the students scores on the grammar part of this test were also regarded as their pre...